X-Git-Url: https://scm.cri.ensmp.fr/git/linpy.git/blobdiff_plain/7b93cea1daf2889e9ee10ca9c22a1b5124404937..ba15f3f33f837b1291f74bc94081e99b860d3228:/linpy/linexprs.py diff --git a/linpy/linexprs.py b/linpy/linexprs.py index aedf170..82d75d0 100644 --- a/linpy/linexprs.py +++ b/linpy/linexprs.py @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from fractions import Fraction, gcd __all__ = [ - 'Expression', + 'LinExpr', 'Symbol', 'Dummy', 'symbols', 'Rational', ] @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ __all__ = [ def _polymorphic(func): @functools.wraps(func) def wrapper(left, right): - if isinstance(right, Expression): + if isinstance(right, LinExpr): return func(left, right) elif isinstance(right, numbers.Rational): right = Rational(right) @@ -43,16 +43,50 @@ def _polymorphic(func): return wrapper -class Expression: +class LinExpr: """ - This class implements linear expressions. + A linear expression consists of a list of coefficient-variable pairs + that capture the linear terms, plus a constant term. Linear expressions + are used to build constraints. They are temporary objects that typically + have short lifespans. + + Linear expressions are generally built using overloaded operators. For + example, if x is a Symbol, then x + 1 is an instance of LinExpr. + + LinExpr instances are hashable, and should be treated as immutable. """ def __new__(cls, coefficients=None, constant=0): + """ + Return a linear expression from a dictionary or a sequence, that maps + symbols to their coefficients, and a constant term. The coefficients and + the constant term must be rational numbers. + + For example, the linear expression x + 2y + 1 can be constructed using + one of the following instructions: + + >>> x, y = symbols('x y') + >>> LinExpr({x: 1, y: 2}, 1) + >>> LinExpr([(x, 1), (y, 2)], 1) + + However, it may be easier to use overloaded operators: + + >>> x, y = symbols('x y') + >>> x + 2*y + 1 + + Alternatively, linear expressions can be constructed from a string: + + >>> LinExpr('x + 2*y + 1') + + A linear expression with a single symbol of coefficient 1 and no + constant term is automatically subclassed as a Symbol instance. A linear + expression with no symbol, only a constant term, is automatically + subclassed as a Rational instance. + """ if isinstance(coefficients, str): if constant != 0: raise TypeError('too many arguments') - return Expression.fromstring(coefficients) + return LinExpr.fromstring(coefficients) if coefficients is None: return Rational(constant) if isinstance(coefficients, Mapping): @@ -82,6 +116,10 @@ class Expression: return self def coefficient(self, symbol): + """ + Return the coefficient value of the given symbol, or 0 if the symbol + does not appear in the expression. + """ if not isinstance(symbol, Symbol): raise TypeError('symbol must be a Symbol instance') return Rational(self._coefficients.get(symbol, 0)) @@ -89,31 +127,58 @@ class Expression: __getitem__ = coefficient def coefficients(self): + """ + Iterate over the pairs (symbol, value) of linear terms in the + expression. The constant term is ignored. + """ for symbol, coefficient in self._coefficients.items(): yield symbol, Rational(coefficient) @property def constant(self): + """ + The constant term of the expression. + """ return Rational(self._constant) @property def symbols(self): + """ + The tuple of symbols present in the expression, sorted according to + Symbol.sortkey(). + """ return self._symbols @property def dimension(self): + """ + The dimension of the expression, i.e. the number of symbols present in + it. + """ return self._dimension def __hash__(self): return hash((tuple(self._coefficients.items()), self._constant)) def isconstant(self): + """ + Return True if the expression only consists of a constant term. In this + case, it is a Rational instance. + """ return False def issymbol(self): + """ + Return True if an expression only consists of a symbol with coefficient + 1. In this case, it is a Symbol instance. + """ return False def values(self): + """ + Iterate over the coefficient values in the expression, and the constant + term. + """ for coefficient in self._coefficients.values(): yield Rational(coefficient) yield Rational(self._constant) @@ -129,49 +194,62 @@ class Expression: @_polymorphic def __add__(self, other): + """ + Return the sum of two linear expressions. + """ coefficients = defaultdict(Fraction, self._coefficients) for symbol, coefficient in other._coefficients.items(): coefficients[symbol] += coefficient constant = self._constant + other._constant - return Expression(coefficients, constant) + return LinExpr(coefficients, constant) __radd__ = __add__ @_polymorphic def __sub__(self, other): + """ + Return the difference between two linear expressions. + """ coefficients = defaultdict(Fraction, self._coefficients) for symbol, coefficient in other._coefficients.items(): coefficients[symbol] -= coefficient constant = self._constant - other._constant - return Expression(coefficients, constant) + return LinExpr(coefficients, constant) @_polymorphic def __rsub__(self, other): return other - self def __mul__(self, other): + """ + Return the product of the linear expression by a rational. + """ if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational): coefficients = ((symbol, coefficient * other) for symbol, coefficient in self._coefficients.items()) constant = self._constant * other - return Expression(coefficients, constant) + return LinExpr(coefficients, constant) return NotImplemented __rmul__ = __mul__ def __truediv__(self, other): + """ + Return the quotient of the linear expression by a rational. + """ if isinstance(other, numbers.Rational): coefficients = ((symbol, coefficient / other) for symbol, coefficient in self._coefficients.items()) constant = self._constant / other - return Expression(coefficients, constant) + return LinExpr(coefficients, constant) return NotImplemented @_polymorphic def __eq__(self, other): - # returns a boolean, not a constraint - # see http://docs.sympy.org/dev/tutorial/gotchas.html#equals-signs - return isinstance(other, Expression) and \ + """ + Test whether two linear expressions are equal. + """ + return isinstance(other, LinExpr) and \ self._coefficients == other._coefficients and \ self._constant == other._constant @@ -192,11 +270,30 @@ class Expression: return Gt(self, other) def scaleint(self): + """ + Return the expression multiplied by its lowest common denominator to + make all values integer. + """ lcm = functools.reduce(lambda a, b: a*b // gcd(a, b), [value.denominator for value in self.values()]) return self * lcm def subs(self, symbol, expression=None): + """ + Substitute the given symbol by an expression and return the resulting + expression. Raise TypeError if the resulting expression is not linear. + + >>> x, y = symbols('x y') + >>> e = x + 2*y + 1 + >>> e.subs(y, x - 1) + 3*x - 1 + + To perform multiple substitutions at once, pass a sequence or a + dictionary of (old, new) pairs to subs. + + >>> e.subs({x: y, y: x}) + 2*x + y + 1 + """ if expression is None: if isinstance(symbol, Mapping): symbol = symbol.items() @@ -212,7 +309,7 @@ class Expression: if othersymbol != symbol] coefficient = result._coefficients.get(symbol, 0) constant = result._constant - result = Expression(coefficients, constant) + coefficient*expression + result = LinExpr(coefficients, constant) + coefficient*expression return result @classmethod @@ -244,8 +341,12 @@ class Expression: @classmethod def fromstring(cls, string): + """ + Create an expression from a string. Raise SyntaxError if the string is + not properly formatted. + """ # add implicit multiplication operators, e.g. '5x' -> '5*x' - string = Expression._RE_NUM_VAR.sub(r'\1*\2', string) + string = LinExpr._RE_NUM_VAR.sub(r'\1*\2', string) tree = ast.parse(string, 'eval') return cls._fromast(tree) @@ -306,6 +407,10 @@ class Expression: @classmethod def fromsympy(cls, expr): + """ + Create a linear expression from a sympy expression. Raise ValueError is + the sympy expression is not linear. + """ import sympy coefficients = [] constant = 0 @@ -318,9 +423,12 @@ class Expression: coefficients.append((symbol, coefficient)) else: raise ValueError('non-linear expression: {!r}'.format(expr)) - return Expression(coefficients, constant) + return LinExpr(coefficients, constant) def tosympy(self): + """ + Convert the linear expression to a sympy expression. + """ import sympy expr = 0 for symbol, coefficient in self.coefficients(): @@ -330,9 +438,19 @@ class Expression: return expr -class Symbol(Expression): +class Symbol(LinExpr): + """ + Symbols are the basic components to build expressions and constraints. + They correspond to mathematical variables. Symbols are instances of + class LinExpr and inherit its functionalities. + + Two instances of Symbol are equal if they have the same name. + """ def __new__(cls, name): + """ + Return a symbol with the name string given in argument. + """ if not isinstance(name, str): raise TypeError('name must be a string') self = object().__new__(cls) @@ -345,12 +463,22 @@ class Symbol(Expression): @property def name(self): + """ + The name of the symbol. + """ return self._name def __hash__(self): return hash(self.sortkey()) def sortkey(self): + """ + Return a sorting key for the symbol. It is useful to sort a list of + symbols in a consistent order, as comparison functions are overridden + (see the documentation of class LinExpr). + + >>> sort(symbols, key=Symbol.sortkey) + """ return self.name, def issymbol(self): @@ -360,6 +488,9 @@ class Symbol(Expression): return self.sortkey() == other.sortkey() def asdummy(self): + """ + Return a new Dummy symbol instance with the same name. + """ return Dummy(self.name) @classmethod @@ -390,10 +521,31 @@ class Symbol(Expression): class Dummy(Symbol): + """ + A variation of Symbol in which all symbols are unique and identified by + an internal count index. If a name is not supplied then a string value + of the count index will be used. This is useful when a unique, temporary + variable is needed and the name of the variable used in the expression + is not important. + + Unlike Symbol, Dummy instances with the same name are not equal: + + >>> x = Symbol('x') + >>> x1, x2 = Dummy('x'), Dummy('x') + >>> x == x1 + False + >>> x1 == x2 + False + >>> x1 == x1 + True + """ _count = 0 def __new__(cls, name=None): + """ + Return a fresh dummy symbol with the name string given in argument. + """ if name is None: name = 'Dummy_{}'.format(Dummy._count) elif not isinstance(name, str): @@ -422,12 +574,27 @@ class Dummy(Symbol): def symbols(names): + """ + This function returns a tuple of symbols whose names are taken from a comma + or whitespace delimited string, or a sequence of strings. It is useful to + define several symbols at once. + + >>> x, y = symbols('x y') + >>> x, y = symbols('x, y') + >>> x, y = symbols(['x', 'y']) + """ if isinstance(names, str): names = names.replace(',', ' ').split() return tuple(Symbol(name) for name in names) -class Rational(Expression, Fraction): +class Rational(LinExpr, Fraction): + """ + A particular case of linear expressions are rational values, i.e. linear + expressions consisting only of a constant term, with no symbol. They are + implemented by the Rational class, that inherits from both LinExpr and + fractions.Fraction classes. + """ def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None): self = object().__new__(cls)